From Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency to Autophagy: Understanding the Bases of POMPE Disease.

Pompe disease (PD) is caused by mutations in the GAA gene, which encodes the lysosomal enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase, causing lysosomal glycogen accumulation, mainly in muscular tissue. Autophagic buildup is considered the main factor affecting skeletal muscle, although other processes are also involved. Uncovering how these mechanisms are interconnected could be an approximation to address long-lasting concerns, like the differential skeletal and cardiac involvement in each clinical phenotype. In this sense, a network reconstruction based on a comprehensive literature review of evidence found in PD enriched with the STRING database and other scientific articles is presented. The role of autophagic lysosome reformation, PGC-1α, MCOLN1, calcineurin, and Keap1 as intermediates between the events involved in the pathologic cascade is discussed and contextualized within their relationship with mTORC1/AMPK. The intermediates and mechanisms found open the possibility of new hypotheses and questions that can be addressed in future experimental studies of PD.

Implementación de un método para la cuantificación de cistina intraleucocitaria como apoyo diagnóstico para la cistinosis / Implementation of an intraleukocitary cystine quantification method for diagnosis of cystinosis

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVOS: La cistinosis es un error innato del metabolismo cuyas características clínicas incluyen compromiso renal severo y formación de cristales de cistina en la córnea, especialmente en la presentación adulta de la enfermedad. Es una enfermedad tratable, por lo cual establecer el diagnóstico de forma oportuna es fundamental para iniciar la terapia. Para la confirmación bioquímica de la enfermedad se requiere determinar las concentraciones intracelulares de cistina, para lo cual se han reportado diferentes métodos tanto para el aislamiento de las células como para la cuantificación del aminoácido. Con el objetivo de mejorar el diagnóstico bioquímico confirmatorio en nuestro medio establecimos un protocolo de cuantificación intraleucocitaria de cistina. MÉTODOS: Se implementó un método de cuantificación de cistina en polimorfonucleares por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución, evaluando el mejor anticoagulante a utilizar, la estabilidad de la muestra a 4̊ C y estableciendo valores de referencia para nuestra población. RESULTADOS: Se determinó que la muestra para cuantificación intraleucocitaria de cistina debe ser anticoagulada mediante la adición de ácido cítrico-dextrosa como anticoagulante. La muestra debe ser procesada inmediatamente, dada su baja estabilidad incluso en refrigeración. Con 50 individuos sanos se estableció como punto de corte para nuestra población 0,34 nmol 1/2 cistina/mg. CONCLUSIÓN: La adaptación realizada del método de cuantificación de cistina utiliza el número más alto de muestras control hasta ahora reportado en la literatura. Nuestros resultados dan cuenta de la necesidad de implementar el método a nivel local y reafirman la conveniencia de que cada laboratorio establezca sus propios valores de referencia para proporcionar una mayor confiabilidad a la hora de interpretar los resultados

Background and aims: Cystinosis is an inborn error of metabolism, clinically characterised by severe renal involvement and development of corneal cystine deposits, especially in the adult form of the disease. Cystinosis is a treatable condition. Therefore, an early diagnosis is necessary to start therapy. For biochemical confirmation of the condition it is necessary to quantify intracellular cystine concentrations. For this, different methods have been described with variations in cell isolation strategies and the amino acid quantification techniques used. In order to improve confirmatory biochemical diagnosis in our setting, a protocol for intraleukocitary cystine quantification was established. METHODS: A high performance liquid chromatography based method for cystine quantification in polymorphonuclear cells was implemented. Evaluation of the best anticoagulant to use and temperature stability of the sample at 4̊C were performed. In addition, we established reference values for our population. RESULTS: It was determined that intraleukocitary cystine quantification must be performed in blood samples containing acid-citrate-dextrose as anticoagulant. Samples must be processed immediately due to their poor stability even when refrigerated. Based on the results from 50 healthy individuals, the cut-off point established for our population was 0.34 nmol 1/2 cystine/mg. CONCLUSION: The adaptation performed to the cystine quantification method here presented the highest control population that has been reported in the literature so far. Our results highlight the need for making available a cystine quantification method locally and confirm the convenience for each laboratory to establish its own reference values to provide greater reliability for interpreting results

Implementation of an intraleukocitary cystine quantification method for diagnosis of cystinosis. / Implementación de un método para la cuantificación de cistina intraleucocitaria como apoyo diagnóstico para la cistinosis.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Cystinosis is an inborn error of metabolism, clinically characterised by severe renal involvement and development of corneal cystine deposits, especially in the adult form of the disease. Cystinosis is a treatable condition. Therefore, an early diagnosis is necessary to start therapy. For biochemical confirmation of the condition it is necessary to quantify intracellular cystine concentrations. For this, different methods have been described with variations in cell isolation strategies and the amino acid quantification techniques used. In order to improve confirmatory biochemical diagnosis in our setting, a protocol for intraleukocitary cystine quantification was established. METHODS: A high performance liquid chromatography based method for cystine quantification in polymorphonuclear cells was implemented. Evaluation of the best anticoagulant to use and temperature stability of the sample at 4̊C were performed. In addition, we established reference values for our population. RESULTS: It was determined that intraleukocitary cystine quantification must be performed in blood samples containing acid-citrate-dextrose as anticoagulant. Samples must be processed immediately due to their poor stability even when refrigerated. Based on the results from 50 healthy individuals, the cut-off point established for our population was 0.34nmol 1/2 cystine/mg. CONCLUSION: The adaptation performed to the cystine quantification method here presented the highest control population that has been reported in the literature so far. Our results highlight the need for making available a cystine quantification method locally and confirm the convenience for each laboratory to establish its own reference values to provide greater reliability for interpreting results.

Diagnóstico clínico y bioquímico del síndrome de leigh en cinco pacientes colombianos / Clinical and biochemical diagnosis of leigh syndrome in five colombian patients / Diagnóstico clínico e bioquímico da síndrome de leigh em cinco pacientes colombianos

Resumen El síndrome de Leigh (SL) es una enfermedad neurodegenerativa, descrita como una encefalomielopatía necrotizante subaguda, y es una de las enfermedades de origen mitocondrial más frecuentes. El SL es causado por el déficit en la producción de energía, originada en defectos en los genes que codifican alguno de los complejos mitocondriales; el gen afectado puede ser de codificación tanto nuclear como mitocondrial, lo que explica que se encuentren diferentes mecanismos de herencia, incluyendo autosómica recesiva y herencia materna, lo que, a su vez, hace más difícil su diagnóstico molecular. Clínicamente se presenta con regresión del desarrollo cognitivo y pérdida de habilidades motoras con trastorno de movimiento, de rápida progresión. El diagnóstico se basa en la demostración bioquímica de la elevación del ácido láctico y de la relación lactato/piruvato, así como hallazgos en las neuroimágenes por resonancia magnética que muestran lesiones focales, bilaterales y simétricas en ganglios basales o tallo cerebral asociadas a leucoencefalopatía y atrofia cerebral. Se reportan cinco casos con diagnóstico clínico y bioquímico del SL que ejemplifican la variabilidad clínica y gravedad encontrada en este grupo de pacientes.

Summary Leigh syndrome (LS) is a neurodegenerative disease, described as a subacute necrotizing encephalomyelopathy and is one of the most frequent diseases of mitochondrial origin. LS is caused by a deficit in the energy production due to defects in the genes that encode some of the mitochondrial complexes. The affected gene can be due to either nuclear and/or mitochondrial coding, which explains why there are different ways of inheriting the disease, including autosomal recessive and maternal inheritance, which makes its molecular diagnosis even more difficult. Clinically, LS is characterized by regression in cognitive development and motor abilities, as well as movement disorders of rapid progression. Its diagnosis is based on the biochemical demonstration of an increase in lactic acid and lactate / pyruvate ratio, as well as magnetic resonance neuroimaging findings showing focal, bilateral and symmetric lesions in basal ganglia or brainstem associated with leukoencephalopathy and cerebral atrophy. Five cases are reported with clinical and biochemical diagnosis of LS that exemplify the clinical variability and severity found in this group of patients.

Resumo A síndrome de Leigh (SL) é uma doença neurodegenerativa, descrita como uma encefalomielopatia necrotizante subaguda e é uma das doenças de origem mitocondrial mais frequente. A SL é causada pelo déficit na produção de energia originada em defeitos nos genes que codificam algum dos complexos mitocondriais; o gene afetado pode ser de codificação tanto nuclear como mitocondrial, o que explica que se encontrem diferentes mecanismos de herança, incluindo autossômica recessiva e herança materna, o que torna mais difícil seu diagnóstico molecular. Clinicamente se apresenta com regressão do desenvolvimento do desenvolvimento cognitivo e perda de habilidades motoras com transtorno de movimento, de rápida progressão. O diagnóstico se baseia na demonstração bioquímica da elevação do ácido láctico e da relação lactato/piruvato, assim como descobertas nas neuro imagens por ressonância magnética que mostram lesões focais, bilaterais e simétricas em gânglios basais ou talo cerebral associadas a leucoencefalopatia e atrofia cerebral. Reportam-se cinco casos com diagnóstico clínico e bioquímico da SL que exemplificam a variabilidade clínica e gravidade encontrada neste grupo de pacientes.

Acidemia glutárica tipo 1: presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Glutaric acidemia type I. Report of a case and literature review / Acidemia glutárica tipo 1: apresentação de um caso e revisão da literatura

La acidemia glutárica tipo-1 es uno de los errores innatos del metabolismo diagnosticados con mayor frecuencia en Colombia. Es consecuencia de una alteración en el metabolismo de los aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina y triptófano, de la que resulta acumulación de ácidos glutárico y 3-hidroxiglutárico en los fluidos corporales. Clínicamente es un trastorno neurológico caracterizado por macrocefalia, atrofia cerebral progresiva y distonía. Por su evolución crónica es una enfermedad subdiagnosticada, de tal forma que pueden pasar varios años hasta que la sintomatología o las neuroimágenes sugieren la etiología metabólica. Sin embargo, algunos pacientes presentan la forma aguda usualmente desencadenada por una infección entre los 6 y 18 meses de edad. Por ser susceptible de manejo nutricional, es necesario hacer tempranamente el diagnóstico e iniciar el tratamiento, para prevenir o mejorar las complicaciones y enfermedades intercurrentes. Es de importancia considerar la AG-1 en el diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes con parálisis cerebral espástica o disquinética sin una historia clara de eventos hipóxicos, así como en pacientes con regresión en los hitos del neurodesarrollo. Se describe un caso con presentación aguda, que ilustra el curso clínico y el enfoque diagnóstico de la enfermedad.

Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-1) is a neurological disease of metabolic ethiology. Although considered rare, it is one of the most frequent inborn errors of metabolism in Colombia. GA-1 is caused by alterations in lysine, hydroxylysine and tryptophan metabolism, resulting in the accumulation of glutaric and 3-hydroxyglutaric acids in body fluids. Clinically, it is characterized by macrocephaly, progressive cerebral atrophy, and dystonia secondary to striatal degeneration. Due to its chronic evolution, it is usually under- diagnosed, so that several years may pass before suggestive symptoms or brain imaging findings are discovered. In some patients, the disease may appear acutely triggered by an infection between 6 and 18 months of age. Due to the availability of nutritional treatment, it is necessary to make an early diagnosis and to start treatment, in order to prevent or improve complications and associated diseases. It is important to consider GA-1 in the differential diagnosis of patients with spastic or dyskinetic cerebral palsy without a clear history of hypoxic events, as well as in patients with regression in neurological development. We report a case with acute presentation to exemplify the natural history of the disease and the diagnostic approach to it.

A Acidemia Glutárica tipo-1 é um dos erros inatos do metabolismo diagnosticados com maior frequência na Colômbia. É consequência de uma alteração no metabolismo dos aminoácidos lisina, hidroxilisina e triptófano, da que resulta acumulação de ácidos glutárico e 3-hidroxiglutárico nos fluidos corporais. Clinicamente é um transtorno neurológico caracterizado por macrocefalia, atrofia cerebral progressiva e distonia. Por sua evolução crônica é uma doença subdiagnosticada, de tal forma que podem passar vários anos até que a sintomatologia ou as neuroimagens sugerem a etiologia metabólica. No entanto, alguns pacientes apresentam a forma aguda usualmente desencadeada por uma infecção entre os 6 e 18 meses de idade. Por ser susceptível de manejo nutricional, é necessário fazer cedo o diagnóstico e iniciar o tratamento, para prevenir ou melhorar as complicações e doenças intercorrentes. É de importância considerar a AG-1 no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes com paralisia cerebral espástica ou disquinética sem uma história clara de eventos hipóxicos, bem como em pacientes com regressão nas metas do neurodesenvolvimento. Descreve-se um caso com apresentação aguda, que ilustra o curso clínico e o enfoque diagnóstico da doença.